Mike Leigh OBE (born 20 February 1943) is an English
writer and director of film and theatre. He studied theatre at the Royal
Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) and further at the Camberwell School of Art and
the Central School of Art and Design.He began as a theatre director and
playwright in the mid-1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s his career moved between
theatre work and making films for BBC Television, many of which were
characterised by a gritty "kitchen sink realism" style. His
well-known films include the comedy-dramas Life is Sweet (1990) and Career
Girls (1997), the Gilbert and Sullivan biographical film Topsy-Turvy (1999),
and the bleak working-class drama All or Nothing (2002). His most notable works
are the black comedy-drama Naked (1993), for which he won the Best Director
Award at Cannes, the Oscar-nominated, BAFTA and Palme d'Or-winning drama
Secrets & Lies (1996) and the Golden Lion winning working-class drama Vera
Drake (2004). Some of his notable stage plays include Smelling A Rat, It's A Great
Big Shame, Greek Tragedy, Goose-Pimples, Ecstasy, and Abigail's Party.
Leigh is known for his lengthy rehearsal and
improvisation techniques with actors to build characters and narrative for his
films. His purpose is to capture reality and present "emotional,
subjective, intuitive, instinctive, vulnerable films. His aesthetic
has been compared to the sensibility of the Japanese director Yasujiro Ozu. His
films and stage plays, according to critic Michael Coveney, "comprise a
distinctive, homogenous body of work which stands comparison with anyone's in
the British theatre and cinema over the same period." Coveney further
noted Leigh's role in helping to create stars – Liz Smith in Hard Labour,
Alison Steadman in Abigail's Party, Brenda Blethyn in Grown-Ups, Antony Sher in
Goose-Pimples, Gary Oldman and Tim Roth in Meantime, Jane Horrocks in Life is
Sweet, David Thewlis in Naked – and remarked that the list of actors who have
worked with him over the years – including Paul Jesson, Phil Daniels, Lindsay
Duncan, Lesley Sharp, Kathy Burke, Stephen Rea, Julie Walters – "comprises
an impressive, almost representative, nucleus of outstanding British acting
talent." Ian Buruma, writing in the New York Review of Books in January
1994, noted: "It is hard to get on a London bus or listen to the people at
the next table in a cafeteria without thinking of Mike Leigh. Like other wholly
original artists, he has staked out his own territory. Leigh's London is as
distinctive as Fellini's Rome or Ozu's Tokyo."
Career
Between 1965 and 1970 Leigh's activity was varied. In
1965 he went to work at the Midlands Art Centre in Birmingham as a resident
assistant director and had the opportunity to start experimenting with the idea
that writing and rehearsing could potentially be part of the same process. The
Box Play, a family scenario staged in a cage-like box, "absorbed all sorts
of contemporary ideas in art such as the space frames of Roland Pichet..it was
visually very exciting,", and two more 'improvised' pieces followed.[21]
After the Birmingham interlude he found a flat in Euston, where he lived for
the next ten years. In 1966/67 he worked as an assistant director with the
Royal Shakespeare Company, assisting Peter Hall on (a disastrous) Macbeth, and
on Coriolanus, and Trevor Nunn on a knockabout The Taming of the Shrew. He also
worked on an improvised play with some professional actors on a play of his own
called NENAA, (an acronym for the North East New Arts Assiociation), which
explored the fantasies of a Tynesider working in a café, with ideas of founding
an arts association in the northeast.
Leigh wrote, in 1970, "I saw that we must start off
with a collection of totally unrelated characters (each one the specific creation
of its actor) and then go through a process in which I must cause them to meet
each other, and build a network of real relationships; the play would be drawn
from the results." After Stratford-upon-Avon Leigh directed a couple of
London drama school productions that included Thomas Dekker's The Honest Whore
at E15 Acting School in Loughton – where he met Alison Steadman for the first
time. In 1968, wanting to return to Manchester, he sub-let his London flat and
moved to Levenshulme. Taking up a part-time lectureship in a Catholic women
teachers training college, Sedgley Park, he ran a drama course and devised and
directed Epilogue, focusing on a priest with doubts, and for the Manchester
Youth Theatre he devised and directed two big-cast projects, Big Basil and Glum
Victoria and the Lad with Specs.
As the decade came to a close Leigh knew he wanted to
make films, and that "The manner of working was at last fixed. There would
be discussions and rehearsals. Plays or films would develop organically with
actors fully liberated into the creative process. After an exploratory
improvisation period, Leigh would write a structure, indicating the order in
which scenes happened, usually with a single bare sentence: Johnny and Sophie
meet; Betty does Joy's hair; [etc.]. And it was rehearsed and rehearsed until
it achieved the required quality of 'finish'."
In the 1970s, Leigh made nine television plays. Earlier
plays such as Nuts in May and Abigail's Party tended more towards bleakly yet
humorously satirising middle-class manners and attitudes. His plays are
generally more caustic, stridently trying to show the banality of
society.[citation needed] Goose-Pimples and Abigail's Party both focus on the
vulgar middle class in a convivial party setting that spirals out of control.
The television version of Abigail's Party was made at some speed, Steadman was
pregnant at the time, and Leigh's objections to flaws in the production,
particularly the lighting, led to his preference for theatrical films.
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Secrets & Lies |
In 1988 Mike Leigh and producer Simon Channing Williams
founded Thin Man Films, a film production company based in London, to produce
Mike Leigh's films. They chose the company name because both founders were
the opposite of it.
Later In 1988, he made High Hopes, about a disjointed
working-class family whose members live in a run-down flat and a council house.
Leigh's subsequent films such as Naked and Vera Drake are somewhat starker,
more brutal, and concentrate more on the working-class; another of his recent
films, however, is a modern-day comedy, Happy-Go-Lucky. A commitment to social
realism and humanism is evident throughout. More specifically, several of his
films and television plays examine the domestic relationships of ordinary
people, which are brought to a head or transformed by some crisis towards the
end of the film.
His stage plays include Smelling A Rat, It's A Great Big
Shame, Greek Tragedy, Goose-Pimples, Ecstasy, and Abigail's Party.
The anger inherent in Leigh's material, in some ways
typical of the Thatcher years, softened after her departure from the political
scene. In 2005, Leigh returned to directing for the stage after many years
absence with his new play, Two Thousand Years at the Royal National Theatre in
London. The play deals with the divisions within a left-wing secular Jewish
family when one of the younger members finds religion. It is the first time
Leigh has drawn on his Jewish background for inspiration.
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Vera Drake |
Leigh has used a pool of actors regularly over the years,
including Alison Steadman, Timothy Spall, Lesley Manville, Ruth Sheen, Paul
Jesson, Marion Bailey, Phil Davis, Jim Broadbent, David Thewlis, Sam Kelly
Peter Wight, Imelda Staunton, Sally Hawkins, Eddie Marsan, Claire Skinner,
James Corden, Marianne Jean-Baptiste, Brenda Blethyn and the late Katrin
Cartlidge.
Leigh was selected to be jury president of the 62nd
Berlin International Film Festival.
Style
Leigh uses lengthy improvisations developed over a period
of weeks to build characters and storylines for his films. He starts with some
sketch ideas of how he thinks things might develop, but does not reveal all his
intentions with the cast who discover their fate and act out their responses as
their destinies are gradually revealed. Initial preparation is in private with
the director and then the actors are introduced to each other in the order that
their characters would have met in their lives. Intimate moments are explored
that will not even be referred to in the final film to build insight and
understanding of history, character and personal motivation. When an
improvisation needs to be stopped, he says to the actors: 'Come out of
character,' before they discuss what's happened or what might have happened in
a situation.
Leigh begins his projects without a script, but starts
from a basic premise that is developed through improvisation by the actors.
Leigh initially works one-to-one with each actor, developing a character who is
based, in the first place, on someone he or she knows. The critical scenes in
the eventual story are performed and recorded in full-costumed, real-time
improvisations where the actors encounter for the first time new characters,
events or information which may dramatically affect their characters' lives.
Final filming is more traditional as definite sense of story, action and
dialogue is then in place. The director reminds the cast of material from the
improvisations that he hopes to capture on film. "The world of the
characters and their relationships is brought into existence by discussion and
a great amount of improvisation ... And research into anything and everything
that will fill out the authenticity of the character." It is after months
of rehearsal, or 'preparing for going out on location to make up a film', that
Leigh writes a shooting script, a bare scenario. Then, on location, after
further 'real rehearsing', the script is finalized; "I'll set up an
improvisation, ... I'll analyse and discuss it, ... we'll do another, and I'll
... refine and refine... until the actions and dialogue are totally integrated.
Then we shoot it."
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Mr. Turner |
Leigh's characters often struggle, "to express
inexpressible feelings. Words are important, but rarely enough. The art of
evasion and failure in communication certainly comes from Pinter, whom Leigh
acknowledges as an important influence. He especially admires Pinter's earliest
work, and directed The Caretaker while still at RADA."
Leigh has cited Jean Renoir and Satyajit Ray among his
favourite film makers. The critic David Thomson has written that, with the
camera work in his films characterised by 'a detached, medical watchfulness',
Leigh's aesthetic may justly be compared to the sensibility of the Japanese
director Yasujiro Ozu. Michael Coveney: " The cramped domestic interiors
of Ozu find many echoes in Leigh's scenes on stairways and in corridors, and on
landings, especially in Grown-Ups, Meantime, and Naked. And two wonderful
little episodes in Ozu's Tokyo Story, in a hairdressing salon and a bar, must
have been in Leigh's subconscious memory when he made The Short and Curlies
(1987), one of his most devastatingly funny pieces of work, and the pub scene
in Life is Sweet..."
Leigh's style has been influential over a number of film
companies. The youth film company ACT 2 CAM uses his improvisation techniques
to build characters and context for films with young people in the UK. His
character work, improvisations and unplanned scenes are a technique followed by
East 15 School of Acting, where these methods continue to be taught and used at
the forefront of the acting and directing training industry.
Filmography (only feature films):
Bleak Moments (1971)
High Hopes (1988)
Life Is Sweet (1990)
Naked (1993)
Secrets & Lies (1996)
Career Girls (1997)
Topsy-Turvy (1999)
All or Nothing (2002)
Vera Drake (2004)
Happy-Go-Lucky (2008)
Another Year (2010)
Mr. Turner (2014)